Debian Installation on SD Card for BeagleBone Black

In order to install Linux on the BeagleBone Black an image of the operating system and a SD Card is needed. The operating system image will be burned on the SD card. Burning will performed at your computer or Laptop, normally a Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X or Linux computer equipped with a SC card reader device.

Afterwards the SD card will be plugged in at the BeagleBone Black and Linux will be booted from the SD card. After booting is finished, it is a good advice to update the BeagleBone Black with the news software releases.

First, download an image to your computer. I am using the Debian Image Jessie IOT¹⁾ (bone-debian-8.7-iot-armhf-2017-03-19-4gb.img).

This image contains:

• Distribution Debian 8.7 (Jessi)
• Linux Kernel Version 4.4.54-ti- revision r93

Due to the fact, that the provided images are changing frequently in time and sometimes older images are no more available, this image bone-debian-8.7-iot-armhf-2017-03-19-4gb.img.xz is also available at the TKN Web Server.

If you like newer or other images, you can find them at beaglebord.org. In most cases, the image-file is compressed in an archive, indicated by the .xz suffix at the end of the file name (e.g. debian-wheezy-7.2-armhf-3.8.13-bone30.img.xz).

In the past the process of decompressing an burning the image was a very complex task. First have to decompress the image with an appropriate compression tool, next the SD card needs some portions with appropriate parameters. These portions need to be formatted. And than the image can be flashed. The tools for this process are depend from the operation system.

Today the process ist done by a single tool, called balenaEtcher. First, download belenaEtcher from https://www.balena.io/etcher/, install and open ist. belenaEtcher is available for Microsoft Windows, Linux and Mac OS X.

After starting galenaEtcher for following window opens up, similar like this:

Fig. ##: balenaEtcher Main Window

Here you can see the illustration of the process, starting with selecting the image file followed by selecting the target. The target is the device, where you have inserted the SD card. At the end the image file will be Flashed to the SD card.

Starting by selecting the image file press the “Select Image” button. A window opens and prompts you selecting the image file:

Fig. ##: balenaEtcher Select Image

At my computer the image file is located at the download folder. Note, that the image file is in compresses xz Format. The image will be decompressed by balenaEtcher. Now, select the image file and press the open button.

In the nextstep, press the button “Select Target”. Now, another windows opens. In this window, you get a selection of devices. Choose the device, where your SD card is plugged in. In my case, this is /dev/disk6 the “Apple SDXC Reader Media” device. Now press the “Continue” button.

Fig. 3: balenaEtcher Select Target

Go to the folder, where the downloaded file (e.g. bone-debian-8.7-iot-armhf-2017-03-19-4gb.img.xz) is saved (normally located in the Downloads-Folder). In the past the process of decompressing an burning the .

Try to open the .xz file. If it fails, download the open-source archiving tool 7-Zip from http://www.7-zip.org. Using 7-Zip²⁾, you are able to expand the archive. Install and execute 7-Zip. Starting 7-Zip a window as shown in figure ## will open. Now open the .xz archive (in figure ## the file debian-wheezy-7.2-armhf-3.8.13-bone30.img.xz) and push the “Expand”-Button to extract the image file from the archive.

Fig. ##: 7-Zip Archive Manager

To extract the image from the downloaded .xz archive, download The Unarchiver³⁾ . Just double-click the .xz-archive. and extracts the image fro the archive file.

For decompressing the archive file, you need the xz tool. If not already installed, use your preferred package manager and install the xz-utils package. To extract the image file from the archive type:

xz -d  bone-debian-8.7-iot-armhf-2017-03-19-4gb.img.xz

At the end you have an image-file (e.g. bone-debian-8.7-iot-armhf-2017-03-19-4gb.img).

First, place an SD-card with sufficient size (greater than the image size) into the SD-card slot of your computer.

It the next step, you have to copy the content of the image to the SD card. Therefore, you need to install Win32 Disk Imager from sourceforge. Extract the downloaded file to a convenient place and execute Win32DiskImager.exe⁴⁾. Execute Win32DiskImager.exe. A window as shown in figure ## will be opened. Chose the image file (e.g. debian-wheezy-7.2-armhf-3.8.13-bone30.img) and the device containing the SD card (in the example drive E:\). Next press the “write” button to start the copy.

Fig. ##: Win32 Disk Imager

If the copy process has been finished, remove the SD card.

After you have inserted the SD card into the computer the next steps are:

• Open the Terminal App.
• Determine device id of SD card by typing

   sudo diskutil list

  at the command prompt. This will show a list of any device attached to the Mac:

  /dev/disk0
     #:                       TYPE NAME                    SIZE       IDENTIFIER
     0:      GUID_partition_scheme                        *1.0 TB     disk0
     1:                        EFI EFI                     209.7 MB   disk0s1
     2:                  Apple_HFS iMac HD                 999.3 GB   disk0s2
     3:                 Apple_Boot Recovery HD             650.0 MB   disk0s3
  /dev/disk1
     #:                       TYPE NAME                    SIZE       IDENTIFIER
     0:      GUID_partition_scheme                        *1.0 TB     disk1
     1:                        EFI EFI                     209.7 MB   disk1s1
     2:                  Apple_HFS Backup                  500.1 GB   disk1s2
     3:                  Apple_HFS TKN Daten               499.1 GB   disk1s3
     4:                 Apple_Boot Recovery HD             650.0 MB   disk1s4
  /dev/disk2
     #:                       TYPE NAME                    SIZE       IDENTIFIER
     0:     FDisk_partition_scheme                        *8.0 GB     disk2
     1:             Windows_FAT_16 NO NAME                 67.1 MB    disk2s1
     2:                      Linux                         7.9 GB     disk2s2

  The sample output shows, two hard drives (disk0 and disk1) attached to the Mac. The SD card has identifier disk2 and is mounted at /dev/disk2. Remember the disk identifier. In the following you have to exchange my identifier (/dev/disk2) with your identifier.

• Unmount the SD card
  If the SD card contains a file system, you must unmount the SD card:

  sudo diskutil umount /dev/disk2s1

  If no file system is installed on the SD card, you don't need to unmount it.

• Now, you can copy the Image to the SD card. Just type

  sudo dd bs=1M if=~/Downloads/debian-wheezy-7.2-armhf-3.8.13-bone30.img of=/dev/disk2

  Also keep in mind to exchange disk2 with your device id. The command takes some time. Don't worry. If done, remove the SD card from your computer.

After inserting the SD card into your computer open terminal window (e.g. Terminal, Konsole or Xterm) depending on the distribution and your personal choice.

To determine the device id of the SD card type

fdisk -l

at the command prompt. This gives you a list of all devices attached tom the computer.

Device     Boot   Start       End   Sectors   Size Id Type
/dev/sda1  *       2048    999423    997376   487M 83 Linux
/dev/sda2       1001470 976771071 975769602 465,3G  5 Extended
/dev/sda5       1001472 976771071 975769600 465,3G 8e Linux LVM
 
Disk /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-root: 461,7 GiB, 495741566976 bytes, 968245248 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
 
 
Disk /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-swap_1: 3,6 GiB, 3850371072 bytes, 7520256 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
 
 
Disk /dev/mmcblk0: 7,4 GiB, 7969177600 bytes, 15564800 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
 
Device         Boot Start      End  Sectors  Size Id Type
/dev/mmcblk0p1       8192 15564799 15556608  7,4G  7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT

At the end of the list above, the device id of the SD card is shown. In my case it is the device /dev/mmcblk0p1.

If the SD card has been mounted by your operating system, the cards must be unmounted, in my case

umount /dev/mmcblk0p1

Use the device of the SD card to flush the image by executing the command

 sudo dd bs=1M if=./debian-wheezy-7.2-armhf-3.8.13-bone30.img of=/dev/mmcblk0

To test, if everything is correct you must insert the SD card into the card slot of the BeagleBone Black and boot. During boot, press the “User Boot” button (see figure 5). Otherwise the BeagleBone Black will not boot from your SD card, but from the eMMC. Also be sure, that the BeagleBone Black is connected via the Ethernet interface and has access to a DHCP server (a DHCP server is installed at TKN or at home on your DSL router).

If the boot process is finished, you can establish a ssh connection to the BeagleBone Black. The needed ssh client is already installed at Linux or Mac OS. If you are using MS Windows you have to install a client by yourself. A popular client is Putty, that can be obtain from http://www.putty.org.

Using Linux or Mac OS, open a terminal application and enter the following command:

ssh debian@beaglebone

In the above example a ssh connection to the host beaglebone with the userid debian will be established. The ssh client will ask you for the password of the user debian that is also debian.

For MS Windows users, please follow the instructions of Putty.

Fig. 5: User Boot