Debian Installation on SD Card for BeagleBone Black

In order to install Linux on the BeagleBone Black, an image of the operating system and a SD Card is needed. The operating system image will be flashed on the SD card. Flashing will be performed using your computer or laptop, normally a Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X or Linux computer equipped with a SD card reader.

Afterwards the SD card will be plugged into the BeagleBone Black and Linux will be booted from the SD card.

First, download an image to your computer. In this class we will use the Debian Buster IoT¹⁾ Image (bone-debian-10.3-iot-armhf-2020-04-06-4gb.img).

This image contains:

• Distribution Debian 10.3 (Buster)
• Linux Kernel Version 4.19.94-ti revision r42

Download the image bone-debian-10.3-iot-armhf-2020-04-06-4gb.img.xz from the beagleboard.org website.

If you like newer or other images, you can find them here.

In most cases, the image-file is compressed in an archive, indicated by the .xz suffix at the end of the file name (e.g. bone-debian-10.3-iot-armhf-2020-04-06-4gb.img.xz).

In the past the process of decompressing an burning the image was a very complex task. First you had to decompress the image with an appropriate compression tool, next the SD card needed some portions with appropriate parameters. These partitions had to be formatted. And then the image could be flashed. The tools for this process are dependent on the used operation system.

Today the process is done by a single tool, called balenaEtcher. First, download belenaEtcher from https://www.balena.io/etcher/, install and open ist. belenaEtcher is available for Microsoft Windows, Linux and Mac OS X.

After starting balenaEtcher for following window opens up, similar like this:

Fig. 1: balenaEtcher Main Window

Here you can see the illustration of the process, starting with selecting the image file followed by selecting the target. The target is the device, where you have inserted the SD card. At the end the image file will be Flashed to the SD card.

Starting by selecting the image file press the “Select Image” button. A window opens and prompts you selecting the image file:

Fig. 2: balenaEtcher Select Image

At my computer the image file is located at the download folder. Note, that the image file is in compressed xz Format. The image will be decompressed by balenaEtcher. Now, select the image file and press the open button.

In the next step, press the button “Select Target”. Now, another windows opens. In this window, you get a selection of devices. Choose the device, where your SD card is plugged in. In my case (see Fit. 3), this is /dev/disk6 the “Apple SDXC Reader Media” device. Now press the “Continue” button.

Fig. 3: balenaEtcher Select Target

Finally, select the “Flash!! button. The main windows changes. Now, the progress of the flashing is shown (see Fit. 4). After flashing is completed, a verification of the content of the image file is compared with the contents of the SD card. If everything is successful, you cat remove the SD card and quit the program.

Fig. 4: balenaEtcher Flash!

At this point, we have built an SD card with the Linux operating system and can now start booting the BeagleBone Black.

If you are an experienced linux user you can also manually decompress the image and use a tool like dd to flash the image in 2 commands.

To test, if everything is working correctly you must insert the SD card into the card slot of the BeagleBone Black and boot. During boot, press the ”User Boot“ button (see figure 5). The BeagleBone Black will boot automatically as soon as power is applied.

IMPORTANT: First press ”User Boot“ button and then connect the power supply. And NOT the other way round.

Otherwise the BeagleBone Black will not boot from your SD card, but from the internal eMMC. Also be sure, that the BeagleBone Black is connected via the Ethernet interface and has access to a DHCP server (a DHCP server is installed at TKN or at home on your DSL router). If you are unable to connect your BeagleBone to a router via ethernet, you may also access your BeagleBone via USB as described in Access the BeagleBone Black via the USB interface. Note however that we recommend accessing the BeagleBone via ethernet as this gives you the most stable and fastest connection.

Once the boot process is finished, you can establish a ssh connection to the BeagleBone Black. The required ssh client is already installed in Linux and Mac OS. If you are using MS Windows you have to install a client by yourself. A popular client is Putty, that can be obtain from http://www.putty.org. In more recent Windows versions a ssh client is already included. Simply open a PowerShell and test if the ssh command works.

Using Linux or Mac OS, open a terminal application and enter the following command:

ssh debian@beaglebone

In the above example a ssh connection to the host beaglebone with the userid debian will be established. The ssh client will ask you for the password of the user debian that is temppwd.

In the case that your host doesn't support mDNS the above command will not work, as your computer is unable to resolve the hostname. In this case you will have to figure out the IP address of your BeagleBone manually and use it instead of beaglebone.

For MS Windows users, please follow the instructions of Putty.

Fig. 5: User Boot